Principles of Supervision Essay Example for Free

Standards of Supervision Essay As a feature of this course, you will be required to take field notes for the field part of the class which I will review toward the finish of the semester. These field notes ought to be taken as though you were a naturalist portraying the science/biology of a newfound situation. A case of what I anticipate: Date: October 22, 2011 Area: Fort DeSoto Time: 09:30 †09:45 Conditions: Heavy downpour and wind, incidental lightning, serious flooding because of very elevated tides Strolling on the path at the welcome place where the water was midriff profound. At the southern red cedar tree I saw a bull shark benefiting from an earthy colored pelican, at which time I pivoted and returned home. Species recognized (for species you distinguish, portrays are regularly useful, perhaps show whether you snapped a photo. I STRONGLY propose you take notes on any symptomatic characters we talk about): Southern red cedar †20 feet tall, with textured, needle-like leaves, pale blue berries, and earthy colored, destroyed bark Earthy colored pelican †enormous, earthy colored flying creature, with a long, wide nose and a white head Bull shark †5 feet in length, profound bodied (enormous circumference), gruff nose Clearly I don’t envision that you will experience a scene, for example, this, yet comparative detail is required. Notes ought to be taken both in class and during your out-of-class journeys. Incorporate drawings of plants/creatures, key recognizing highlights, terms we talk about and so on. These notes will be amazingly advantageous when reading for your field test just as setting up your assortments. NOTE: field notes don't should be composed, yet I should have the option to plainly peruse your composition. Additionally, a straightforward rundown of animal categories we experience won't be adequate. To get full credit, at the very least you should have a lot of field notes for each field trip we take. Should you miss a field trip, it is your obligation to make up the stumble all alone.

Language Evolution in Human Being

Unique Language is one of the characterizing factors that separate people from creatures. The capacity of person to utilize clear organized words rather than irregular sound utilized by creatures makes individual interesting. Nonetheless, it is intriguing to know how the language appeared. It is fascinating to know how the language evolved.Advertising We will compose a custom report test on Language Evolution in Human Being explicitly for you for just $16.05 $11/page Learn More While others accepted that language is something that falls into place without a hitch with the words encoded in one’s qualities, others have accepted that language is a developmental procedure that has been in steady change throughout the years as new articles and new activities are being created. Teacher Simon Kirby is one of the researchers who have had extraordinary enthusiasm for knowing the advancement of the language and seeing how it is affected by individuals throughout the century. This educat or utilized volunteers in a research center and made words for outsider natural products. The principal member would be given the names of the considerable number of organic products, and in the wake of acing the names, the members would peruse out the name of the natural products once its image is appeared. The following member would be given similar natural products, however with the names given by the past member. This went one to the ninth individual. Educator Kirby takes note of that the language gradually changed from unstructured language that it was at first, to an obviously organized language with routinely parts to mirror the fruits’ shading and plan. This showed how this language advanced from a complex unstructured language, to a straightforward organized and simple to recollect words. Presentation Human being is viewed as prevalent among every single other animal on earth. This might be a result of the riddle that man has made with the assistance of innovation, o r different accomplishments that man has made over creatures. Be that as it may, Kirby (1999, p. 19) says that one of the main factors that makes individuals one of a kind is his capacity to convey utilizing a plainly organized language. This researcher says that in spite of the fact that creatures have the ability to make sounds, they come up short on the ability to utilize language as person does. Theirs is restricted to sounds interesting to the data they need to pass across.Advertising Looking for report on dialects? How about we check whether we can support you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More It is fascinating to know how the language appeared, and how it has developed throughout the years. As indicated by Huff (2009, p. 117), it is captivating attempting to see how the language appeared. A few inquiries, for example, who were first individuals to utilize the language, what were the absolute first words, how could they think of the words, how has this language dev eloped over ages, and substantially more are a portion of the inquiries that specialists have been attempting to reply. Another entrancing reality about the language is the presence of various dialects inside a little territory (Kirby Christiansen 2003, p. 78). In a nation like the United Kingdom, it is entirely expected to discover an individual knowing just a single language which is English. In any case, this isn't the situation in different nations, particularly the underdeveloped nations in Africa and Asia. For example, Kenya-a little nation in East Africa whose all out land region is not as much as that of Mississippi State-has more than 45 dialects spoken by various gatherings of individuals. How could such a little topographical area be so differing in language? These are a portion of the inquiries that researchers have been attempting to development. Educator Simon Kirby is one such researcher who has devoted their opportunity to finding the birthplace of the language, and how it has developed throughout the years. The educator has put forth attempt to think of different realities about the advancement of the language. This exploration depends on one of his tests done to help shows how the language has advanced throughout the years to be what it is today. Strategies Professor Simon Kirby was explicitly keen on discovering how the language has created throughout the years. To help in this examination, the teacher needed to make a research facility set-up where the test should be possible in a close to experimental structure. As indicated by Stromberg (2008, p. 48), social researchers have had genuine test when leading examination on individual, particularly due to human’s capacity to change character totally when the person realizes that an exploration is being done on him or her.Advertising We will compose a custom report test on Language Evolution in Human Being explicitly for you for just $16.05 $11/page Learn More In such cases, the individu al would not act ordinarily, however would attempt to be the ‘ideal’ individual. All things considered, the realities that would be accumulated would not be a genuine impression of the individual. Knowing this test, Professor Kirby choose to make the examination to be in an unadulterated science approach where it was completely founded on the memory of the psyche and the capacity to imitate what is instructed. With the volunteer members, educator Kirby made a straightforward lab to direct the examination. The nine members would not interface at all during the examination. To help with the test, the educator had away from of outsider the organic products would be utilized in the examination. The set up for the trial was straightforward. Educator Kirby had a table where the photos of the photos natural products were set, the photos of the organic products, a seat, and a recording device. In the lab would be two individuals one after another, the members, and the teacher h imself. With the main member, teacher Kirby made up names for the organic products in an arbitrary way. Each organic product in the image had a name given by the educator. The teacher would then articulate the names of each organic product to the member severally. The members were just expected to remember the names, however not to record them. Sooner or later, the member would be given the foods grown from the ground to articulate the name that was given for all the organic products. This member would leave the lab without meeting with different members who have not partaken in this examination. The following member would follow, yet this time, the teacher will give the natural products the name given by the past member. The member would be relied upon to remember these names and rehash them to the educator. The names allowed by this subsequent member would be given to the third member, and the arrangement would proceed up to the ninth member. Every one of their announcements would be recorded for additional examination. Results This exploration was an away from of how the language has created throughout the years. When setting up this investigation, it was clear in the brain of educator Kirby that language has evolved.Advertising Searching for report on dialects? How about we check whether we can support you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Find out More It was obvious to him, through his examination works that are broadly distributed, that English language has encountered huge change throughout the years and through ages. Be that as it may, this examination offered him chance to show how this change has occurred in a research center set-up. Kirby dissected the reactions that were given by every member on each natural product. The accompanying table shows the changes of the words from what teacher Kirby provided for the member, to what it at last became. Member The Names Given Prof. Kirby lenana neki nereki lapalu 1stParticipant renana neluka neheki pilu 3ndParticipant pinamula nahuma nereki napuna 7thParticipant lapalu pinamula nahuna napilu 9thParticipant lanepi mola neluka kapihu According to teacher Kirby, the investigation built up a language that should have been utilized in this exploration. He says that these words were simply made up, and didn't have the right to be viewed as a language as the words were haphazardly picked w ith no unmistakable structure. The words were picked as names of different organic products that should have been utilized in the examination. Educator Kirby says that while choosing the names, he didn't concentrate on the names of the organic products, and neither did he think about their shape or the plan. The names were simply doled out arbitrarily. Nonetheless, the shading was picked contrastingly just to guarantee that the members would not befuddle the natural products during the time spent the analysis. As was prove later, he didn't have a clue about that the picked hues would characterize the names that would at long last be doled out to these organic products. As appeared in the table over, the names gradually changed from what they were at first as given by the educator, to what the last member expressed. A portion of the names changed to be totally unique in relation to what the first name was. For example, the main natural product for the trial was relegated the name â⠂¬Ëœlenana’. This was a name that was strange to the members similarly as the natural product itself might have been. Be that as it may, the teacher looked as the name was changed to renana, renemula, pinamula, panamula, lanumula, lanupula, lapula, lanepu lastly lanepi. As indicated by the teacher, the underlying members did ineffectively. This was on the grounds that they were given words, or a language that was odd and unstructured. They couldn't relate the words and the items in light of the fact that the name never mirrored the either the shape or the shade of the natural products. They were simply given in an erratic way. Every one of the members battled to name the organic products dependent on three primary components, however in an oblivious way. In their psyches, they realized that they were giving names that were given to them by the teacher. This was be that as it may, somewhat a long way from reality. The main factor that the members put together their words with respect to was the sound of the word that was given to them. The underlying members had the option to recall dubiously the sound of the words given to them.

How to Make a Job Offer (Step-by-Step Guide)

How to Make a Job Offer (Step-by-Step Guide) The concept sounds simple enough. A candidate is qualified for a job, â€" more than qualified, even â€" so all that is required is to tell the employer about the skills possessed, and make the offer, stating the compensation and benefits that he or she expects to receive. That’s all there is to it, right? Wrong!A job offer is just like the recruitment process itself. It involves several salient points and many details that must be taken care of. It also demands a lot of attention on the part of the employer or the recruiter (if the employer outsourced the recruiting process).Making a job offer is also a process. If not done properly, the results may not be what the employer expects (such as getting the desired candidate to accept the offer and the job). You will also be able to save on the resources â€" time, money and manpower â€" if you do it systematically, instead of being haphazard about it. © Shutterstock.com | PressmasterThis article will show you 1) a step-by-step guide on making a job offer and 2) best practices when making a job offer.STEP-BY-STEP GUIDE ON MAKING A JOB OFFERAs mentioned earlier, making a job offer is a process, which means there are phases and steps to be followed. Whether the recruitment was conducted in-house (by a company’s own human resources department) or outsourced to independent headhunters and recruiting companies, there are certain important steps that must not be overlooked, if you want your job offer to be accepted.Phase #1: Understanding the candidate and the role to be playedEarly on, when you set out to fill a vacant position in the organization, you already have an idea what the position entails, and what type of person would be perfect for it. But it is not enough to “just have an idea”. You have to possess a clear understanding of the position or the job and, after the candidates have expressed their interest to fill the pos ition, you have to know them, not just know of them.Be familiar with the job profile to be filled.What position or job are you supposed to fill in the organization? This is the first thing that you should be aware of, so you will know which direction to take (what to look for) when going through the list of candidates.You can start by going over the job description: the responsibilities, duties and functions, location and working conditions, compensation and benefits, and various other aspects.Conduct a job interview.It is said that the job offer is an extension of the job interview process. You can only tell so much about a person from reading documents they have submitted. Job interviews are conducted so that potential employers can get the measure â€" face-to-face â€" of the candidates. Here, they will be able to ask questions that are not answered in their CV or resume.Chances are, at this point, the choice has already been made. Or maybe the shortlist has been whittled to two o r three candidates. The job interview will aid the recruiter to make the final decision. In other cases, the choice has been made, but there is a need for that final assurance that they are making the right decision. Hence, a job interview.Perform reference checks.Many job applicants overlook the part where they have to provide character references and, even if they do provide references, they do not take it seriously, and just provide the first names that come to mind. Here’s a news flash: recruiters and companies that are hiring do make reference checks.Recruiters will get in touch with the reference checks and ask the appropriate questions that will back up the information provided by the candidate.Understand the candidate’s expectations and requirements.An employer-employee relationship is a two-way one. It’s not just the employer that has expectations and requirements; the candidate, too, which is why you have to know and understand what they are.During the job interview, you would have already discussed salient points about the job to be filled, such as the salaries and benefits and the duties and responsibilities. You have to know what the candidate thinks about these, so you could negotiate terms better later, if it comes to that.It is a good idea to, early on, lay all your cards on the table. This is so that, in the event that the candidate accepts the job offer and becomes a part of the organization, both parties are aware of what is expected of them in the relationship.Negotiate terms and start date.It is the negotiation phase that takes the most time in this whole process. It may not be so much for entry-level positions, but for highly technical or managerial positions, the negotiation could go on for days and even weeks. You should also have an idea how much time and resources you are willing to spend on the negotiations. Otherwise, you may end up spending weeks when you can do it in less than a week.Before you make the offer, you have to kn ow which points you are willing to negotiate with the candidate, and which ones you cannot budge on. This will save you both a lot of time during the actual negotiation process.Once you present it to the candidate, and he refuses to budge, much less consider budging on that matter, then it is safe to say that he is turning down the job, so you can step back before making a formal offer.Hiring managers approach negotiations differently. Some are tough about it, others are more flexible. Leading recruiters, however, suggest that you should not be too tough. Be tough, yes, but up to a point. You might be turning the candidate away because of how strict you are.Make sure you avoid the following hiring mistakes.[slideshare id=51779070doc=lindasss-131127150204-phpapp01-150818185943-lva1-app6891w=640h=330]Phase #2: Making the offerRun the approval process for making the final hiring decision.Depending on the organizational structure or setup, there is an approval process when it comes to f inalizing hiring decisions. It is not just a matter of the head of the Human Resources or the CEO of the company picking a candidate. There may be lengthy discussions, and other details that must be ironed out before the final hiring decision is made.Make the first contact.The initial contact is often done over the phone, with the recruiter calling the candidate and congratulating him for meeting all the qualifications of the job to be filled. The offer will then be made verbally.This is the preferred option because the hiring manager can immediately detect whether the candidate is enthusiastic about the news or he is hesitant, which means one of two things: he has another offer or option on the table, or he has changed his mind about wanting to work in your company.Making the initial offer this way will also save the hiring manager or recruiter from writing a formal job offer letter and going through the motions of preparing all the required documentation, only for the candidate to turn it down in the end.Phase #3: Making it officialMake the job offer official by putting it in writing.Draft the written job offer. There is nothing wrong with making an informal letter to make your job offer, but it certainly does not hurt to take a more formal approach, either. This is to make it more professional, considering that you are entering into a professional relationship with the candidate.The contents of the job offer letter include the following:The company culture and work environment, and how they align with the goals of the candidateCompensation and benefits that come with the jobOther important personnel policies, which may be included in the form of a copy of an employee manual or handbook, if availableTerms and conditions on which the job is being offered, including any conditions attached to itStarting date and time of work of the candidateThe location (division or department) that the candidate should report to on his first day of work, and thereafterThe nam e of the candidate’s immediate supervisor/s and trainor/s (if any)What the candidate should expect on his first day at work, so he would come better preparedThese are no longer new information for the candidate, but putting them down in writing will serve as a reminder, which will aid them in making that decision whether to accept or not.On the letter, you must explicitly indicate a deadline for the candidate to communicate whether he accepts the job or not. The length of time that will be given will depend on the decision of the hiring manager, or what is deemed to be reasonable for both parties.Send the job offer letter to the candidate.There are only two possibilities after you have sent the letter to the candidate. It is either he signs it, signifying acceptance of the offer, and return it to you, or he could return it to you unsigned, which means he is rejecting it. If the deadline lapses without the candidate responding to the offer, then it also means that he is turning it down.One thing you should remember is that the job offer letter is already final. This means that everything written on it have already been agreed upon between the company and the candidate.If the candidate decides to reopen the negotiations and make a counter offer after he has received the letter, this calls his integrity into question. And this will also warn you early on that he is not an employee you would want in your company.This is how you write a job offer letter in less than 5 minutes. BEST PRACTICES WHEN MAKING A JOB OFFERMake the offer attractive, and make it attractive from the outset.You can do this by checking out the competition, and what they offer to their candidates. If the company can afford it, make the salaries and wages higher. Throw in additional benefits. A signing bonus is often offered by large companies. Of course, if you are a small enterprise, this may not be fiscally feasible, but you can look for other options. Maybe the promise of an increase in sal ary after one or two years?When you make the offer, you have to highlight the good points that will appeal to the candidate from the beginning. Do not hold out when you first make the offer. It is possible that the candidate is considering multiple companies at once, and he is likely to snap up the most attractive offer.Lay your best cards on the table the first time, and see if the others can top it. This will give you an opportunity to up your offer later on, if needed.Act quickly.Recruitment, especially recruitment of top talents, is very competitive. If you are going to make a job offer, do it immediately. Right away. Putting it off for tomorrow will run the risk of some other company making an offer to the candidate and, when you finally make your offer, the candidate has already made his choice, and it’s not you.Be courteous and respectful.You may be the one offering a job, and you may be the employer or the boss once the candidate accepts it and joins the organization. But that does not give you the right to take a high-handed stance. There is also the possibility that the candidate may reject the offer because he is turned off by how less than polite you are.Aside from using polite language in your communications â€" both verbal and written â€" with the candidate, the act of giving the candidate room to negotiate certain terms and conditions is also one way of showing that you respect them.Do not just focus on the dollar signs.While it is true that candidates often look first at the part of the offer with the dollar signs on it, more of them are more concerned with other benefits, such as long-term opportunities and career advancement in the company once they accept the job. Highlight these in your job offer letter.Depending on the information you gathered about the candidate, you will be able to tell what is important to them. For example, a family man, with three kids, is more likely to be attracted to a job that comes with healthcare benefits. A s ingle mother, on the other hand, may be more attracted when the job offers flexible working hours, even if it pays less than another company offering a higher salary, but with fixed working hours.This is why most recruiters talk first about the benefits of the job, and tackle the compensation or the base salary later.Be prepared for counter offers.This is especially true if we are filling an executive or managerial position, or one that is currently in-demand that the candidate is the one being sought after by companies, not the other way around. You have to be prepared for the possibility that the candidate will make a counter offer, like adding a few more zeroes on the compensation area, or adding some perks or benefits, like a company car or being granted housing when he or she has to relocate.Anticipating this will put the company in a better position to negotiate. Also, the company would have to decide whether giving in to the demands of the candidate will be worth it, or if th ey should consider another candidate for the job.Do not drag the negotiation period too long.Expect candidates for senior positions to have more demands than candidates for entry-level or junior positions. They tend to expect more and want more, so they will definitely ask for more. We mentioned that this could take weeks, especially for senior positions. It is up to your judgment whether you will let it drag on for weeks on end, or if you want to specify a certain period of time for the negotiation to be completed.Just keep in mind that, the longer you take in filling up the position, the more time you are wasting. You could have had the candidate (or another candidate) working and contributing to the organization, instead of waiting for the current candidate you are negotiating with make up his minds about what he or she wants or expects from the company.Time to hire is one of the key recruiting metrics.[slideshare id=11804844doc=feb232012skillsurveymetricsfinal-120229160703-phpap p01w=640h=330]Be honest.Do not sugarcoat things when making your offer. This is tantamount to lying. It will also come back to you in the end since you are entering into a contract and, if you fail to deliver what you promised in the beginning, you will be liable for breach of contract.Provide facts and do not snatch random ideas out of thin air just so your job offer will come across as more attractive or appealing to the candidate.Besides, candidates are smarter now. They know that if something is too good to be true, it probably is. This will also put your company in a bad light, as your recruitment process will be put into question.Stay connected with your candidates throughout the process.You want to be available anytime, anywhere, just in case your candidate has questions, or in the event that you have to follow up on your offer. Stay in touch with them, and they will feel that you truly want them to join your team.

A Report That Was Released By The United States Justice...

A report that was released by the United States Justice Department on February 12, 2016, showed that a â€Å"Florida man pleads guilty to a hate crime for threatening to firebomb two mosques and shoot worshippers.† The 43-year-old man by the name Martin Alan Schnitzler was arrested by the FBI on November 17, 2015, after he made numerous threats to shoot children in the head and firebomb a mosque in Petersburg, Florida. In his two recorded messages, Schnitzler said that he is watching the news report that covered the terrorist attacks in Paris. In these attacks, 130 lives were lost while more than 300 were seriously injured. Those responsible for these series of attacks were members of a terrorist group known as the Islamic States of Iraq and Levant (ISIL). Since ISIL members claim to be practicing Muslims and also fighting for the cause of Islam (Jihad), Schnitzler showed the same enmity he has for the ISIL terrorists to his non-violence Muslim neighbors. For this reason, he w anted to avenge the death of the victims of the Paris attacks by firebombing and shooting his Muslim neighbors’ two-year-old children in the head. After his arrest, he admitted that he violated these Muslims first Amendment (free exercise of religion) and also pleaded guilty to the hate crime charge. According to the Department of Justice, â€Å"Schnitzler faces a maximum sentence of 20 years in federal prison.† A. Lee Bentley III, the U.S. Attorney for the Middle District of Florida also stated in the JusticeShow MoreRelatedA Research Study On Correctional Facility1442 Words   |  6 Pagesminimum, medium, or maximum security facilities. According the to the Census Bureau the United States has a population of 319.4 million while the global population is about 7.2 billion, That works out to a 4.4 percent share of the world’s population. 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Although there different tools used toRead MoreUnited States Parole Program Compared To Australia And1546 Words   |  7 Pages United States Parole Program Compared to Australia and Canada Angela K. Varner University of Cincinnati School of Criminal Justice Seminar in Community Corrections April 19, 2017 â€Æ' Abstract Each country across the globe has its unique ways to deal with criminals. Most of their criminal justice systems include some form of parole for individuals who have completed their sentences, in order to maintain some form of control over them while they readjust to life outside prison. This articleRead MoreFinancial Contingency Planning1732 Words   |  7 PagesCalifornia has the largest prison population in the United States and some countries around the world. For over 40 years, the incarceration levels have risen. The prison rates have risen 700 percent since 1970, today it is estimated that one in 100 adults are incarcerated. 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Reflective Statement - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 2 Words: 520 Downloads: 1 Date added: 2017/09/20 Category Business Essay Type Argumentative essay Did you like this example? REFLECTIVE STATEMENT For this module, we are required to do an assignment with regards of SME company. The purpose of writing the report is to analyze the key internal issues the management is likely to face when strategizing their marketing formula. Besides, we are also required to provide a practical recommendation for the company. For this project, the class was divided into 3 groups and each group consists of 3 members. My group members are Miss Tai Geok Yeong and Miss Sharanya. Discussions among group members were held 4 times, on the 29th October, 2nd November, 4th November and 6th November, respectively. Besides of our normal meeting in college, the discussions also were held through the MSN chat and email. Each of our group members was allocated with task and although conflicts arise during the discussion, we still managed to solve the problem. In my opinion, conflict in a group is not necessarily bad and we use several of techniques in order to resolve conflicts l ike compromising and exercises work delegation. Throughout completing the task – CareKoolTint Sdn Bhd, I have gained lots of new information about SME and the company. In order to get more facts about the company, we held an interview with one of their sales representatives on 2nd November 2009. From the 1 hour interview, we managed to gather the information needed for this project, which for example are, their current marketing strategies and the company’s internal issues. One important lesson I learnt from the interview is that, even though small firms is not properly structured, it does not mean that SMEs do not engage in marketing. It is only that, they are doing marketing according to their own terms and not according to a theoretical framework. Other than interviewing the sales representatives, my group and I also did a research based from their websites and also by reading books. It is important so that we will have a broader view on the business environme nt and help us to write the task more accurately. In order to complete the task, I read Marketing and Entrepreneurship in SMEs, Principles of Marketing by Philip Kotler and Fundamentals of Management to have a better understanding about SME and its management as well as several websites related to the topic which for example SME Info Portal. This whole process, I believe has improved both my knowledge and skills. I learnt how to work with others as a team, it taught me how to compromise as I need to be open in accepting other people ideas or opinion and also in handling conflicts. In addition to that, basically, I am more knowledgeable on this topic. From the research, I discovered various type of SME in Malaysia which can classified under 3 category that are Primary Agriculture, Manufacturing (including Agro-Based) MRS, Services Sector (including ICT) . Furthermore, I am also more aware on characteristics needed to be an entrepreneur, and one essential trait they must have i s to be a risk taker. This is important as SME business environment is very uncertain and whenever they make a wrong decision, it may affect their business as a whole. (525 words) Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "Reflective Statement" essay for you Create order

Union Carbide India Limited Free Essays

It all started with the manufacturing of flash light batteries in Calcutta by the Eveready Company Limited of Great Britain. Later on this company became a subsidiary of UCC headquartered in New York. The company later adopted the new name of Union Carbide India limited and also established a factory in India to manufacture flash lights along with expansion of its capacity to manufacture dry-cell batteries. We will write a custom essay sample on Union Carbide India Limited or any similar topic only for you Order Now The company progressed and by the eighties they were involved in batteries, carbon and metals, plastics, marine products, and agricultural chemicals. UCIL established fifteen plants in different parts of India. To expand its agricultural division UCIL sought permission of Indian government to allow them to set up a pesticide plant. Initially the plant was started near the city of Trombay but later on switched to Bhopal. The plant in the beginning imported Sevin powder from the United States diluted it with non-toxic powder and sold it. Later the Indian government pressurized UCIL to manufacture Sevein and its components in India. That’s how the Bhopal plant expanded and the investment in the plant increased from initial $1 million to $25 million. The company made its mark among all companies present in India in terms of Sales. In Bhopal the UCIL factory was like any other process plant with storage tanks, hoppers and reactors connected by pipes, pumps, valves and ducts. Sevin was made through a chemical reaction between alpha-naphthol and methyl isocyanate, MIC. MIC is a highly reactive liquid that boils and becomes a gas above day time temperatures. UCC was the world leader in MIC technology and provided essentially al the process design for the plant but did not send engineers to supervise the construction. The alpha-naphthol unit began experiencing some problems. Also the sales were started going down in the beginning of 80s due to various reasons. Due to the decline in sales the unit started having losses. The staff at the MIC was cut from twelve operators on a shift to six. The maintenance team was reduced in size. In a number of instances, faulty safety devices remained unrepaired for weeks. The plant was running at far below capacity. The company seriously started making plans for dismantling the plant and shipping it to some other region. UCIL was located in Bhopal where there was a shanty town inhabiting thousands of India’s poorest citizens. In the South of Bhopal wealthy Indians lived in their elegant houses. MIC the main component used to prepare Sevin was made at the plant by reacting Phosgene gas with another chemical but the system had been idle. The MIC was being used from ‘charge-pot’ which was periodically resupplied from either of two different tanks. Operators had experienced difficulty in pressurizing one of the tanks. At the night of the incident, several hundred gallons of water entered in this particular tank. The water reacted with MIC producing heat and gas. A relief valve soon lifted and MIC vapor began flowing through vent headers and out a discharge stack. Some workers reported to supervisors that their eyes began to water because of possible leak of MIC. Supervisors found what they believed was the source and they set up a fire hose to spray water on the suspected leak. The water curtain that may have reduced the concentration of the gas was only set to ~13 m and did not reach the gas; it was not designed to contain a leak of such magnitude. The supervisors retired to the company canteens in violations of instructions not to take their break together. The supervisors were later called when the tank was rumbling with increasing pressure but it was too late for them to take any concrete action. MIC vapor were billowing from an atmospheric vent in the air. The cloud of deadly white gas was carried by the northeast wind toward the shanties on the south side of the plant. On the cold night cold of December 03, 1984, MIC settled toward ground. The gaseous fumes reached the huts resulting in panic and confusion. Many of the weak and elderly died where they lay blinded and smothered by the acrid fumes. Though the audible external alarm was activated to warn residents of Bhopal, it was quickly shut down to avoid causing panic among the residents. Thus, many continued to sleep, unaware of the unfolding drama. However, as the words of the gas leak spread, many of the Bhopal’s affluent citizens fled in their cars while poor were left behind. An estimated 2000 or more died that deadly night while over 200,000 were injured. Doctors and hospitals were not informed of proper treatment methods for MIC gas inhalation. They were told to simply give cough medicine and eye drops to their patients. Confused crowds waited outside hospitals outside the hospitals for medical care. The plant on the other hand, later on, was closed and locked. The citizens of Bhopal remained totally shocked by the turn of events. Soon after the incident blame game started. UCC referred to deliberate act as a possible cause of the water entry. Later the company suggested that a Sikh terrorist group might have sabotaged the plant. A representative of UCC’s investigation team suggested that the gas was formed when a disgruntled plant employee, apparently bent on spoiling a batch of methyl isocyanate, added water to a storage tank. There were many theories started flowing around. UCC and UCIL executives were charged in India with manslaughter and other crimes. UCC chairmen Anderson along with the head of UCIL was arrested and briefly detained by Indian officials when they went to India after the incident. Several UCIL employees were also arrested and CBI began criminal investigation. A number of US and Indian lawyers rushed to sign up gas victims and their relatives as clients. Different class action lawsuits were filed in the United Sates on behalf of the victims of disaster. In March 1985, India enacted the Bhopal Gas Leak Disaster Act, giving UOI the exclusive right to represent the victims. Finally, In an out-of-court settlement reached, Union Carbide agreed to pay $470 million for damages caused in the Bhopal disaster. As we know from the background of the case that refrigeration unit was not working, safety devices were not working, safety standards and operating procedures were not im place, maintenance was poor, downsizing took place and less qualified personnel were hired. These issues indicate that the problem lied at the management level. Inefficient operation shows that there was absence of even basic management. The day to day operations were not carried out according to the general standards and norms then what can be said about disaster planning or planning for dealing with an unforeseen event. At UCIL the local management should have taken the complete responsibility of the diaster as they failed to maintain even the basic principles of management. Even though foreigners were on the board of directors but it was not the responsibility of the board member to run day to day operations. The whole blame was put on foreigners and forign board and the case became one of the most talked about industrialized disaster in the history. The plant was purely run by the Indian local managers and it was the responsibility of such managers to maintain the basic standards. This incident would not have happened had management been active in implementing the basic levels of management. Ideally there should be a contingency plan in place to deal with the possible disasters. In plants dealing with chemicals there is always a possibility of accidents and disasters of any proportion. It was naive of the management to forget about the contingency measures. On another level the government of India also played the political part and tried to trap foreign board in the incident while forgetting that primary responsibility lied on management on ground. Foreign board in Bhopal’s case also on the hand tried to safegurd its image as the issue was discussed on all forums There had been many accidents of similar nature in UCC’s American plants prior to the Bhopal accident but they did not get much publicity and were not blown out of proportion because they were tackled at the management level on ground. As later there was a ruling that the case should be tried in India. The company denied every charge leveled against UCC and pointed out that no US citizen had been employed there 2 years before the disaster. Foreign board definitely had the moral responsibility of the incident but they cannot be blamed for failed day to day operations. The case reminds us that on the first level basic management should function and operations should be efficiently run. However the management responsibility does not end here. Management should be on toes and keep on scanning both external and internal environmental factors. There should be contingency plans in place to deal with possible mishaps or disasters. How to cite Union Carbide India Limited, Essay examples

Food Adulteration free essay sample

With a culture of malpractice seeping into every sector and level it is hardly surprising that it has reached the most important of our basic needsfood. With ineffective, outdated laws, lack of enforcement and institutional corruption there is an overwhelming indifference to consumer rights and public health. Dishonest food manufacturers and traders are having a free reign in the market adding harmful substances, selling contaminated food or tampering with the original content of the food item. The government has various bodies to control food quality. But why arent they doing their job? Every now and then we are shocked by media reports of ingenious forms of adulteration of food that we consume regularly. According to IPH (Institute of Public Health) more than fifty percent of food samples they have tested are adulterated. Food coloring is a form of adulteration. A toxic artificial dye is used to color fruits and vegetables such as melons and tomatoes to give them a rich colour. We will write a custom essay sample on Food Adulteration or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Ironically even food colour is being adulterated. Substandard food colour is finding its way into many types of food. This includes the reddish jelapi, and the saffron beguni, peaju or alur chop. Candy, chips, ice cream, chewing gum and even biryani may contain large amounts of poor quality food colour. Textile dyes such as carbide and ethopene are also being used to colour different iftar items to attract customers. Urea fertiliser is used while frying muri to whiten it. Cyanide is used to give mustard oil extra bite. Brick dust is mixed with chilly powder and a poisonous yellow colourant is mixed with turmeric powder to make it more yellow. Water and salt are also mixed with these spices to increase weight. Mangoes, jackfruit, lychees, watermelon, pineapple, papaya and bananas are artificially ripened using a carcinogenic chemical called ethylene oxide. In bananas, another chemical called Calcium Carbide is used which happens to be a sprayed Acetile-gas that releases heat, says Dr. Golam Mowlah, Ph. D. , the Professor and Director General of Institute of Nutrition and Food Science, Dhaka University. We should avoid eating fruits and vegetables which are not seasonal says Golam Sarwar, Public Analyst of DCCs Public Health Laboratory (PHL), as the chemicals are used only when the fruits are not seasonal, because chemicals also cost. It is also better to avoid grind spices or grind it in the grind er, which is available in the kitchen markets. Dalda, a vegetable based fat used for cooking is an example of one of the worst cases of adulteration. Our stomachs temperature is 37 degrees Celsius and the melting point of dalda is 54 degree Celsius. Thus there is no way that dalda can be absorbed by the body, says Sarwar. If you think fish is a healthy option think again. Many fish sellers spray fish with formalin a chemical usually used for preservation of tissues. This chemical is mainly used with imported fish and it makes the fish stiff and keeps them looking fresh for a longer duration. Research has found that there is ecoli in almost all our food items. Ecoli can be fecal, skin, hair etc. If proper sanitation codes of conducts are to be followed, these forms of contamination must be totally absent in all food items. Cooking oil that is so commonly used to deep fry items should only be used once but many food vendors and restaurants recycle burnt oil. Once the oil is used for cooking, it becomes oxidised. The more the oil is used, the more pre-oxide is created which is really harmful for the body. This gets more poisonous with continued usage.